The announcement is probably because Muhammad was wounded and thought dead. (1933) The Life of Muhammad, translated by Isma'il Razi A. al-Faruqi. [67][68] Islamic tradition holds that during one of his visits to that cave, in the year 610 the angel Gabriel appeared to him and commanded Muhammad to recite verses that would be included in the Quran. [60] Islamic tradition states that when Muhammad was either nine or twelve while accompanying the Meccans' caravan to Syria, he met a Christian monk or hermit named Bahira who is said to have foreseen Muhammad's career as a prophet of God. [287] Voltaire had a somewhat mixed opinion on Muhammad: in his play Le fanatisme, ou Mahomet le Prophète he vilifies Muhammad as a symbol of fanaticism, and in a published essay in 1748 he calls him "a sublime and hearty charlatan", but in his historical survey Essai sur les mœurs, he presents him as legislator and a conqueror and calls him an "enthusiast. [11][83] Most Meccans ignored and mocked him, though a few became his followers. It was on one of these travels that his first tryst with religion and faith happened, through a Christian preacher Bahira, who according to the Islamic beliefs foresaw Muhammad’s future as a prophet of god. Means "praised, commendable" in Arabic, derived from the root حَمِدَ meaning "to praise". He is the best of creation, he is a role model on how to be of exemplary character, kindness, compassion, mercy, gratitude, thankfulness, abundance, courage, fearlessness, self-reflection, and … Aisha was exonerated from accusations when Muhammad announced he had received a revelation confirming Aisha's innocence and directing that charges of adultery be supported by four eyewitnesses (sura 24, An-Nur). Muhammad eventually conceded to the younger Muslims and readied the Muslim force for battle. The failure resulted in a significant loss of prestige; their trade with Syria vanished. Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) is the last messenger of God. (In Persian and Arabic)", https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA494, "Why Islam does (not) ban images of the Prophet", "Between Logos (Kalima) and Light (Nur): Representations of the Muslim Prophet Muhammad in Islamic Painting", "When Nubuvvat encounters Valayat: Safavid painting of the "Prophet" Mohammad's Mi'raj, c. 1500–50", "Persian illustrated lithographed books on the miʻrāj: improving children's Shi'i beliefs in the Qajar period", "A Baháʼí Approach to the Claim of Finality in Islam", the Koran appropriated Biblical accounts and personages, Defending the West: A Critique of Edward Said's Orientalism, The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism: From Sacred Texts to Solemn History, "The Critics of Islam Were Right: An Apology to Ayaan Hirsi Ali, Sam Harris, Bill Maher and Other So-Called Islamophobes", "Ayaan Hirsi Ali: Islam's most devastating critic", Proceedings of the 11th International Congress of Turkish Art, International Journal of Middle East Studies, https://archive.org/details/berkshireencyclo0004unse_k2y1, https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000unse_v8f2, https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780198602231, ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim, Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad), List of newspapers that reprinted the cartoons, Islamist demonstration outside Danish Embassy in London in 2006, Manifesto: Together Facing the New Totalitarianism, Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources, The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muhammad&oldid=1002429708, Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from May 2014, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2014, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2009, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2014, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Important dates and locations in the life of Muhammad, Possible date of birth: 12 or 17 Rabi al Awal: in, Begins spreading message of Islam publicly to all Meccans, The year of sorrows: Khadija (his wife) and, The Meccan tribe of Quraysh and the Muslim community in Medina signed a 10-year truce called the, Important events in the life of Muhammad from 622 to 632. In company he is like a branch between two other branches, but he is the most flourishing of the three in appearance, and the loveliest in power. He was bulky. Because Muhammad was the chosen recipient and messenger of the word of God through the divine revelations, Muslims from all walks of life strive to follow his example. Questions accumulated about the reasons for the loss; Muhammad delivered Quranic verses 3:152 indicating that the defeat was twofold: partly a punishment for disobedience, partly a test for steadfastness. [46] Judaism became the dominant religion in Yemen while Christianity took root in the Persian Gulf area. His hair was neither curly nor lank. The "seal of prophecy" between Muhammad's shoulders is generally described as having been a type of raised mole the size of a pigeon's egg. Most important, Muhammad … [16] While returning from one of these journeys (or some years earlier according to other early accounts), an accusation of adultery was made against Aisha, Muhammad's wife. In Muhammad al-Bukhari's book Sahih al-Bukhari, in Chapter 61, Hadith 57 & Hadith 60,[217][218] Muhammad is depicted by two of his companions thus: God's Messenger was neither very tall nor short, neither absolutely white nor deep brown. In 613,[10] Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly,[11] proclaiming that "God is One", that complete "submission" (islām) to God[12] is the right way of life (dīn),[13] and that he was a prophet and messenger of God, similar to the other prophets in Islam. [148][149] Walid N. Arafat and Barakat Ahmad have disputed the accuracy of Ibn Ishaq's narrative. Such was the case when he wished to marry Zainab, the wife of his adopted son Zaid. In his view, Islam is a great change, akin to a revolution, when introduced to new societies. [160], Negotiations commenced with emissaries traveling to and from Mecca. He rejects the common view that Muhammad is an impostor and argues that the Quran proffers "the most sublime truths of cult and morals"; it defines the unity of God with an "admirable concision." [57] According to Islamic tradition, soon after birth he was sent to live with a Bedouin family in the desert, as desert life was considered healthier for infants; some western scholars reject this tradition's historicity. [249] Maria al-Qibtiyya bore him a son named Ibrahim ibn Muhammad, but the child died when he was two years old. The clan leaders held the corners of the cloth and together carried the Black Stone to the right spot, then Muhammad laid the stone, satisfying the honor of all. The house of Aisha bin Abu Bakr J and the other wives of the Prophet ﷺ were known as the hujurat (the Chambers) after which a whole chapter of Qur’an (chapter 49) is named. As Muhammad's only descendants, they are respected by both Sunni and Shi'a, though the Shi'a place much more emphasis and value on their distinction. With the death of Abu Talib, leadership of the Banu Hashim clan passed to Abu Lahab, a tenacious enemy of Muhammad. [16][100] Muhammad was forced to return to Mecca. [197] The Green Dome above the tomb was built by the Mamluk sultan Al Mansur Qalawun in the 13th century, although the green color was added in the 16th century, under the reign of Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. The Roman–Persian Wars between the two had devastated the region, making the empires unpopular amongst local tribes. Stories of Muhammad's life, his intercession and of his miracles have permeated popular Muslim thought and poetry. [Quran 33:46], The Quran is the central religious text of Islam. Muslims believe it represents the words of God revealed by the archangel Gabriel to Muhammad. [16] Muhammad's birthday is celebrated as a major feast throughout the Islamic world, excluding Wahhabi-dominated Saudi Arabia where these public celebrations are discouraged. [133], A scout alerted Muhammad of the Meccan army's presence and numbers a day later. When they arrived Gabriel had informed Muhammad that the two verses were not part of the revelation, but had been inserted by Satan. [303][304][305] During the Middle Ages various[306][307][308][309] Western and Byzantine Christian thinkers considered Muhammad to be a perverted,[306][308] deplorable man,[306][308] a false prophet,[306][307][308] and even the Antichrist,[306][307] as he was frequently seen in Christendom as a heretic[310][306][307][308] or possessed by demons. Muhammad had a wide forehead, and fine, long, arched eyebrows which did not meet. Name : The Full name of Prophet Muhammad SAW is Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib ibn Hāshim . Whenever alliances against Medina were formed, he sent out expeditions to break them up. [196][199][200], When Saud bin Abdul-Aziz took Medina in 1805, Muhammad's tomb was stripped of its gold and jewel ornamentation. They interpreted the biography through a Christian religious filter, one that viewed Muhammad as a person who seduced the Saracens into his submission under religious guise. Non-Muslims wishing to convert to Islam are required to recite the creed. Muhammad and many senior figures suggested it would be safer to fight within Medina and take advantage of the heavily fortified strongholds. Muhammad was the prophet and founder of Islam. Many bedouins submitted to Muhammad to safeguard against his attacks and to benefit from the spoils of war. Similarly, since 2008 it has been the most popular baby boy name in Brussels and Antwerp, Belgium's most Muslim-populated cities. [48] Thus, although the association of hums was primarily religious, it also had important economic consequences for the city. [132] Abu Sufyan gathered an army of 3000 men and set out for an attack on Medina. [87][88], In 615, some of Muhammad's followers emigrated to the Ethiopian Kingdom of Aksum and founded a small colony under the protection of the Christian Ethiopian emperor Aṣḥama ibn Abjar. [171] In 630, Muhammad marched on Mecca with 10,000 Muslim converts. "Muḥammad". To join them, following is a beautiful poem about Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) which is submitted to us by one of our readers: ———————– What a year was 570 AD A person was born, a prophet to be. [10], In May 2006, it was reported that statistics indicate that some 8,928 Danish Muslims carry the name Muhammad and that in 2004 alone, 167 new-born babies were registered. [230], According to traditional sources Aisha was six or seven years old when betrothed to Muhammad,[156][231][232] with the marriage not being consummated until she had reached puberty at the age of nine or ten years old. [39] Shi'a tradition states Muhammad was not surprised or frightened at Gabriel's appearance; rather he welcomed the angel, as if he was expected. [190][191][192], According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, Muhammad's death may be presumed to have been caused by Medinan fever exacerbated by physical and mental fatigue. However, almost all Muslims managed to leave. To maintain economic prosperity, the Meccans needed to restore their prestige, which had been reduced at Badr. [126] This report, however, is considered by some to be a fabrication. [16], If all variants of Muhammad are counted, there are 14,646 people in Finland named Muhammad. [84], Tradition records at great length the persecution and ill-treatment towards Muhammad and his followers. [26], Many scholars accept these early biographies as authentic, though their accuracy is unascertainable. [65][66], Muhammad began to pray alone in a cave named Hira on Mount Jabal al-Nour, near Mecca for several weeks every year. Reproduced through lithography, these were essentially "printed manuscripts". Muhammad treated slaves as human beings and clearly held some in the highest esteem". These were: either the Meccans would pay blood money for the slain among the Khuza'ah tribe, they disavow themselves of the Banu Bakr, or they should declare the truce of Hudaybiyyah null.[170]. The prophet, who looked upon every evident correction of his gospel as an attack upon his own reputation, brooked no contradiction, and unhesitatingly threw down the gauntlet to the Jews. His speech was a string of cascading pearls, measured so that none despaired of its length, and no eye challenged him because of brevity. When they discovered that Muhammad lived, the Meccans did not return due to false information about new forces coming to his aid. [141][142] Around a year later, Muhammad expelled the Banu Nadir from Medina[143] forcing their emigration to Syria; he allowed them to take some possessions, as he was unable to subdue the Banu Nadir in their strongholds. hold that the Isra and Mi'raj journey traveled through the heavens from the sacred enclosure at Mecca to the celestial al-Baytu l-Maʿmur (heavenly prototype of the Kaaba); later traditions indicate Muhammad's journey as having been from Mecca to Jerusalem. [147] After the coalition's retreat, the Muslims accused the Banu Qurayza of treachery and besieged them in their forts for 25 days. [16] The Arab population of Yathrib were familiar with monotheism and were prepared for the appearance of a prophet because a Jewish community existed there. He knew people would start worshiping him if they find his … After migration to Medina, Muhammad, who was then in his fifties, married several more women. In some cases it may be to keep a personal name less tied to a religious context. The Prophet of Islam, from the beginning of his mission, introduced himself as the seal of the prophets and was accepted by the Muslims as such. If you expect that the direct descendants of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his family) are the ones that descended from his sons, the answer is no. [152][153] Watt finds Arafat's arguments "not entirely convincing", while Meir J. Kister has contradicted[clarification needed] the arguments of Arafat and Ahmad. [36] Communal life was essential for survival in the desert conditions, supporting indigenous tribes against the harsh environment and lifestyle. He was responding [not only]... to the religious and intellectual aspects of the situation but also to the economic, social, and political pressures to which contemporary Mecca was subject. At the journey's beginning, the Isra, he is said to have traveled from Mecca on a winged steed to "the farthest mosque." [156][231][233][234][235][236][237][238][239] She was therefore a virgin at marriage. [109][110] There was fighting in Yathrib: primarily the dispute involved its Arab and Jewish inhabitants, and was estimated to have lasted for around a hundred years before 620. [297] Watt and Bernard Lewis argue that viewing Muhammad as a self-seeking impostor makes it impossible to understand Islam's development. Notable scholars at the time argued against the historic authenticity of these verses and the story itself on various grounds. Many details of major Islamic rituals such as daily prayers, the fasting and the annual pilgrimage are only found in the Sunnah and not the Quran.[264]. The subject of finality of prophethood in the Islamic milieu is considered to be an important matter "An Islamic Perspective on Domestic Violence". He then came under the care of his uncle Abu Talib, the new leader of the Banu Hashim. Muhammed (ﷺ) that was his name People were misguided and that’s when he came. For example, Anwar Sadat, Hosni Mubarak, Siad Barre, Zia-ul-Haq, Ayub Khan and Nawaz Sharif use their second given name. They were brought out to him in groups. [86] As his followers increased, Muhammad became a threat to the local tribes and rulers of the city, whose wealth rested upon the Ka'aba, the focal point of Meccan religious life that Muhammad threatened to overthrow. "[16], After the Reformation, Muhammad was often portrayed in a similar way. [7], Mohammed and Mohamed were the most popular baby name in département Seine-Saint-Denis (2002, 2008)[8] and in Marseilles (2007, 2009), France. ), is deemed the most popular male name in the world. [160] According to Watt, although Muhammad's decision to make the pilgrimage was based on his dream, he was also demonstrating to the pagan Meccans that Islam did not threaten the prestige of the sanctuaries, that Islam was an Arabian religion. Muhammad called upon the pilgrims to make a pledge not to flee (or to stick with Muhammad, whatever decision he made) if the situation descended into war with Mecca. [16][195][196] During the reign of the Umayyad caliph al-Walid I, al-Masjid an-Nabawi (the Mosque of the Prophet) was expanded to include the site of Muhammad's tomb. [116] According to the traditional account, on 11 February 624, while praying in the Masjid al-Qiblatayn in Medina, Muhammad received revelations from God that he should be facing Mecca rather than Jerusalem during prayer. [58] Muhammad stayed with his foster-mother, Halimah bint Abi Dhuayb, and her husband until he was two years old. [228][229] After Khadijah's death, Khawla bint Hakim suggested to Muhammad that he should marry Sawda bint Zama, a Muslim widow, or Aisha, daughter of Um Ruman and Abu Bakr of Mecca. According to Islamic belief, at age 40 Muhammad was visited by the angel Gabriel, who provided him with the first verses of the Quran.Approximately 20 years later he conquered Mecca, the … The Meccans did not pursue the Muslims; instead, they marched back to Mecca declaring victory. [60] It is known that he became a merchant and "was involved in trade between the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. The camel has, since olden times, proved to be a very useful animal for desert journeys. [86][178], Following the conquest of Mecca, Muhammad was alarmed by a military threat from the confederate tribes of Hawazin who were raising an army double the size of Muhammad's. [185] He abolished old blood feuds and disputes based on the former tribal system and asked for old pledges to be returned as implications of the creation of the new Islamic community. [250], Zayd ibn Haritha was a slave that Muhammad bought, freed, and then adopted as his son. The siege of Medina began on 31 March 627 and lasted two weeks. [24][25], Important sources regarding Muhammad's life may be found in the historic works by writers of the 2nd and 3rd centuries of the Muslim era (AH – 8th and 9th century CE). The Jews [...] could not let pass unchallenged the way in which the Koran appropriated Biblical accounts and personages; for instance, its making Abraham an Arab and the founder of the Ka'bah at Mecca. Muhammad[n 1] (Arabic: مُحَمَّد‎, pronounced [muħamːad];[n 2] c. 570 CE – 8 June 632 CE)[1] was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam. Among them were the enemy of God, Huyayy b. Akhtab, and Ka’b b. Asad, the head of the tribe. Muhammad (Arabic: مُحَمَّد ‎, pronounced ; c. 570 CE – 8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam. He asked for a cloth and laid the Black Stone in its center. [154], In the siege of Medina, the Meccans exerted the available strength to destroy the Muslim community. This pledge became known as the "Pledge of Acceptance" or the "Pledge under the Tree". [231] Modern Muslim authors who calculate Aisha's age based on other sources of information, such as a hadith about the age difference between Aisha and her sister Asma, estimate that she was over thirteen and perhaps in her late teens at the time of her marriage.[240][241][242][243][244]. [310][308] Some of them, like Thomas Aquinas, criticized Muhammad's promises of carnal pleasure in the afterlife. [117], In March 624, Muhammad led some three hundred warriors in a raid on a Meccan merchant caravan. Charlie Hebdo reprints offensive Prophet Muhammad caricatures. [174] Most Meccans converted to Islam and Muhammad proceeded to destroy all the statues of Arabian gods in and around the Kaaba. [108], A delegation, consisting of the representatives of the twelve important clans of Medina, invited Muhammad to serve as chief arbitrator for the entire community; due to his status as a neutral outsider. Instead they use another given name. [28][29] However, Ibn Hisham admits in the preface to his biography of Muhammad that he omitted matters from Ibn Ishaq's biography that "would distress certain people". Muslims repeat the shahadah in the call to prayer (adhan) and the prayer itself. [92][93][n 6] Al-Waqidi was severely criticized by Islamic scholars such as Malik ibn Anas, al-Shafi'i, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Al-Nasa'i, al-Bukhari, Abu Dawood, Al-Nawawi and others as a liar and forger. Source: buzzle.com. 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